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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1d1" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">Молодежный инновационный вестник</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Молодежный инновационный вестник</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2415-7805</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Воронежский государственный медицинский университет имени Н.Н. Бурденко" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11459</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Conference Proceedings</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An Epidemiological Emergency Resulting from the Importation of Smallpox to Moscow in 1959: A Comprehensive Analysis of Counter-Epidemic Measures from a Disaster Medicine Perspective</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Emelianova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Aleksandrovna</given-names></name><bio>&lt;p&gt;Student&lt;/p&gt;</bio><email>Nastunya2017@mail.ru</email><uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7222-9443</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Samokhina</surname><given-names>Veronika Igorevna</given-names></name><bio>&lt;p&gt;Student&lt;/p&gt;</bio><email>veron.samokhina@yandex.ru</email><uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1198-7177</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mekhantieva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila Evgenievna</given-names></name><bio>&lt;p&gt;Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Disaster Medicine and Life Safety&lt;/p&gt;</bio><email>medkat@vrngmu.ru</email><uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2439-3625</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dunaeva</surname><given-names>Darya Yuryevna</given-names></name><bio>&lt;p&gt;Associate of the Department of Disaster Medicine and Life Safety&lt;/p&gt;</bio><email>dashadunaeva@mail.ru</email><uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-1282</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</aff><aff id="aff-2">Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</aff><pub-date date-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>S1</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><pub-date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-08"><day>08</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2026, Emelianova A.A., Samokhina V.I., Mekhantieva L.E., Dunaeva D.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year></permissions><abstract>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This article provides a retrospective analysis of the smallpox outbreak in Moscow from 1959 to 1960, which was initiated by the importation of the virus from India via the artist A.A. Kokorekin. The study critically examines the various phases of the epidemic, the diagnostic inaccuracies encountered, and the unprecedented scale and severity of the implemented counter-epidemic measures. Emphasis is placed on analyzing the actions undertaken by governmental authorities and the healthcare system through the lens of contemporary disaster medicine: including mass vaccination, contact observation, and interdepartmental collaboration involving the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, the article draws parallels with current public health challenges, such as monkeypox and laboratory safety, and articulates essential lessons for the biosafety systems of the 21st century. The aim. To study the set of measures taken by the Moscow authorities to eliminate the smallpox outbreak (19591960) and evaluate them from the perspective of modern disaster medicine tactics in order to develop recommendations for strengthening the biological protection system. Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of available archival materials, including documents from Rospotrebnadzor and the WHO, memoirs of participants in the events, as well as data from scientific journals and specialized publications covering this issue. The time frame of the study covered the period from 1959 to 2026. Results. The analysis showed that the set of emergency measures implemented in Moscow in 19591960 (total vaccination of more than 9.5 million people, strict isolation, and ring vaccination) made it possible to eliminate the smallpox outbreak in 44 days with a record low mortality rate (6.5%). The experience gained and the vaccine stocks created in the USSR formed the basis of the WHO's global strategy, ensuring the final eradication of smallpox worldwide by 1980. Conclusions. The smallpox outbreak of 19591960 became a benchmark example of a mobilized response to an epidemic in a megacity, demonstrating the decisive role of universal vaccination, strict isolation, and interagency coordination. Given the loss of population immunity after 1980 and the emergence of new threats (monkeypox, laboratory incidents), it is impossible to directly replicate the measures of the past, but the basic principlescentralized management, rapid deployment of reserves, and contact tracingneed to be adapted through digital technologies and modern legal mechanisms. Preserving historical experience and integrating it into disaster medicine plans is a necessary condition for preparedness for the biological challenges of the 21st century.&lt;/p&gt;</abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smallpox</kwd><kwd>epidemic</kwd><kwd>disaster medicine</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>quarantine</kwd><kwd>observation</kwd><kwd>biosafety</kwd><kwd>Moscow</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>черная оспа</kwd><kwd>натуральная оспа</kwd><kwd>эпидемия</kwd><kwd>медицина катастроф</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>карантин</kwd><kwd>обсервация</kwd><kwd>биологическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>Москва</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Васильев, К. Г. История эпидемий и борьба с ними в России в XX веке /К. Г. Васильев, А. Е. Сегал. - Москва : Медицина, 2001 - 256 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Шувалова, Е. П. Инфекционные болезни: учебник / Е. 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