The impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the population of the Voronezh Region

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Introduction. The high level of urbanization in the Voronezh Region is characterized by developed industrial production, numerous motor vehicles, which invariably leads to artificial pollution of the atmosphere [1, 2]. These substances have a complex effect on the body of residents and lead to the development of various diseases or exacerbation of chronic nosologies. Monitoring and accounting of concentrations of pollutants is necessary for the development of measures to ensure hygienic safety.

The aim of the work is to determine the effect of various pollutants of atmospheric air on the health of residents of the city of Voronezh and the Voronezh region.

Materials and methods of research. The study examined scientific articles, publications and analyzed the results of monitoring atmospheric air pollution in the Voronezh Region for 2020-2022.

1. Criteria of compliance: the main criteria of compliance in the groups were used: age, the presence or absence of diseases and their prevalence in residents of various districts of the Voronezh region.
2. Duration of the study: the study lasted from September 2023 to February 2024.
3. The main outcome of the study: the identification of diseases in residents of the Voronezh region of different ages associated with exposure to pollutants contained in the atmosphere in various concentrations.
4. Group analysis: the disease was detected and its prevalence among residents of different age groups living in certain areas of the region.
5. Registration and processing of results: was carried out using standard methods of variation statistics using the Microsoft Office Excel 2016 program. Tables were built, which indicated: nosology, the number of residents with this disease, the concentration of pollutants. The study assessed and analyzed the relationship between the morbidity of the population, morbidity of the population, and atmospheric pollution by various pollutants, pollution of the atmosphere by pollutants.

The results of the study. The Voronezh Region is divided into 31 municipalities and 2 urban districts. The population at the time of 2023 is 2285.3 thousand people. The main sources of atmospheric pollution are stationary sources — stationary sources (6013 organizations and enterprises engaged in various production activities) and mobile sources — mobile sources, and first of all, motor transport. It should be noted that the contribution of transport to atmospheric air pollution is about 80% [3]. The danger lies in the very close location of the exhaust pipes to the human respiratory system, the human respiratory system, which negatively affects the gas exchange function of the lungs, gas exchange function of the lungs.

Atmospheric air is being monitored at 13 route posts of the Federal Medical Institution "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region". In Voronezh, in Anninsky, Ostrogozhsky, Liskinsky, Pavlovsky, Kalacheyevsky, Semiluksky, Rossoshansky and Borisoglebsky municipal districts, in each of which there is a 1st route post, about 5 of them are organized. In the process of continuous operation, concentrations (single and average daily) of the predominant inorganic chemicals are determined: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, suspended solids, phenol. The concentration of four substances that are carcinogenic is also assessed: lead, styrene, formaldehyde and soot [4].

The total number of samples conducted in 2022 was 1,765. At the end of the year, according to the results of monitoring observations, monitoring observations, at the route posts of Rospotrebnadzor organizations in the Voronezh region, the population was most often exposed to suspended substances of the atmosphere. And the proportion of samples exceeding the maximum permissible concentration in the ranges "more than 1.0-2.0" and "more than 2.1-5.0" decreased for all pollutants.

The study analyzed and studied the incidence rates of children under 14 years of age with pathologies of the respiratory system, namely bronchial asthma, bronchial asthma. The analysis revealed that in the Voronezh region this figure is 0.72 cases per 1000 population according to data for 2021. The highest frequency of complaints is observed for bronchial asthma and is more often detected in the following territories of the region: Voronezh, Kamensky, Bobrovsky, Povorinsky, Novousmansky, Petropavlovsk, Repyevsky, Verkhnemamonsky, Semiluksky and other municipal districts.

In citizens over the age of 18, the incidence of asthma and asthmatic status for the same period is 0.27 sl. per 1000 people. The incidence of asthma in the adult population is higher than the regional average in the following territories: Bogucharsky, Bobrovsky, Verkhnekhavsky, Gribanovsky, Kantemirovsky, Kamensky, Kashirsky, Olkhovatsky, Petropavlovsk, Paninsky, Ramonsky, Khokholsky districts, Borisoglebsky urban district and Voronezh urban district, etc. [5].

On the territory of six municipalities, including Buturlinovsky, Kantemirovsky, Kalacheyevsky, Repyevsky, Novokhopersky and Kashirsky, the incidence of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema is above the regional average. According to our calculations, this is 0.07 cases per 1,000 children under 14 years of age. The data on the incidence of pathologies in people over the age of 18 years is 1.99 cases per 1000 people. In Buturlinovsky, Liskinsky, Gribanovsky, Kashirsky and Novokhopersk districts, adults most often face this problem. This should be taken into account when developing preventive measures in these territories.

Correlation analysis of the relationship, the morbidity of the region's population and the level of atmospheric air pollution showed different results in children and adults. In particular, we came to the conclusion that the relationship between the general morbidity of children under 14 years of age and a certain level of various suspended substances in the atmosphere (correlation coefficient r=0.5) is of average strength, the correlation of average strength; the relationship between the incidence of bronchial asthma in children (under 14 years of age) and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere (correlation coefficient r=0.14) is weak, weak correlation; and the relationship between air pollution with carbon monoxide and the incidence of adult polyneuropathies, polyneuropathies, can be characterized as average strength, average correlation, since the coefficient is r=0.3. Please note that the assessment and correlation analysis of morbidity in adolescents aged 14 to 18 years have not been carried out, since the number of requests for medical help in this age group is insignificant.

Conclusion. The rapid growth of industrial production, the number of vehicles, and the inextricably linked high level of urbanization invariably leads to the development or exacerbation of chronic diseases in residents of the Voronezh region. According to the results of our study, bronchial asthma is more common in children under 14 years of age, among diseases likely related to atmospheric pollution, and chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in adults. The interrelationships of the average intensity of atmospheric air pollution with the general morbidity of children and the morbidity of adults with pathology of the nervous system have also been established.

About the authors

Olga Nikolaevna Petrikhina

Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko

Author for correspondence.
Email: petrikhina03@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0745-5492
SPIN-code: 9360-4916
Russian Federation, 10 Studencheskaya Street, 394036 Voronezh, Russian Federation

Andrey Vladimirovich Enin

Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko

Email: en111a@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1671-8565
SPIN-code: 9526-7177

assistant of the Department of Disaster Medicine and Life Safety

Russian Federation, 10 Studencheskaya Street, 394036 Voronezh, Russian Federation

Ludmila Evgenievna Mekhantyeva

Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko

Email: Ludm.mekhantjewa2012@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2439-3625
SPIN-code: 6735-7330

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Disaster Medicine and Life Safety

Russian Federation, 10 Studencheskaya Street, 394036 Voronezh, Russian Federation

References

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