Analysis of biohazard emergencies in the Central Federal District

Ekaterina Arkadyevna Volynkina; Волынкина Екатерина Аркадьевна; Ludmila Evgenievna Mehantieva; Механтьева Людмила Евгеньевна; Alexey Viktorovich Masalytin; Масалытин Алексей Викторович; Andrey Grigorievich Klimets; Климец Андрей Григорьевич; Marina Valeryevna Kutsova; Куцова Марина Валерьевна

Analysis of biohazard emergencies in the Central Federal District

Authors: Volynkina E.A.¹, Mehantieva L.E.¹, Masalytin A.V.¹, Klimets A.G.¹, Kutsova M.V.¹
Affiliations:
1. Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko
Issue: Vol 13 (2024): Материалы XX Международного Бурденковского научного конгресса 18-20 апреля 2024 года
Pages: 123-125
Section: Военная и экстремальная медицина
URL: https://new.vestnik-surgery.com/index.php/2415-7805/article/view/9855

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Abstract

Introduction. Biological hazards have become most urgent in recent years due to the emergence and spread of a new coronavirus infection, COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced to pay special attention to biological and social emergencies associated with other human pathogens. Objective. To analyze the prevalence of biohazard emergencies on the territory of the Central Federal District during 2020-2022. Materials and methods. The materials of the study were the data on biological and social emergencies for 2020-2022 in the Central Federal District and in the Russian Federation, presented on the website of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. Microsoft Excel program was used for data processing and statistical analysis. Results. On the territory of the Russian Federation in 2020, 60 emergencies of biological and social nature were registered, resulting in 164 people. On the territory of the CFD 12 cases were registered. In 2021 on the territory of the Russian Federation there were 88 emergencies of biologo-social character, with 146 people affected. In 2022, the number of biohazard emergencies on the territory of the CFD was 16% of the total number. Conclusions. The increase in emergencies of biological and social character can lead to the spread of infectious diseases and loss of life. Thus, the determining factors affecting the number of emergencies of biological and social character, as well as their manifestations, are: the prevalence of COVID-19, the presence of restrictive measures, the level of development of the RCHS forces, as well as medical services, the intensity of anti-epidemic and preventive measures.

Keywords

emergencies, biohazard, central federal district

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Relevance: Biological hazards as one of the causes of emergencies have become particularly relevant in recent years due to the emergence of a new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The spread of COVID-19 has caused great social and economic losses. Thus, the economic losses due to additional mortality, according to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. G. Aganbegyan, amounted to 9 trillion rubles. Mortality for 2020 and 2021 amounted to 340.3 thousand and 647 thousand people, respectively [1]. COVID-19 pandemic forced to pay special attention to biologic-social emergencies associated with other human pathogens.

Purpose: to analyze the prevalence of biohazard emergencies on the territory of the Central Federal District for 2020-2022.

Objectives: to identify the most frequent biological hazards, to find ways to prevent the spread of biological hazards, to find ways to minimize economic, environmental and social damage

Materials and methods: data on emergency situations (ES) of biological and social nature for 3 years (2020-2022) in the Central Federal District (CFD) and in the Russian Federation (RF), presented on the website of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM of Russia) were used as research materials. Microsoft Excel program was used for data processing and statistical analysis.

Information on the number of biological and social emergencies in the Russian Federation and Federal Districts, on the regions where biological and social emergencies occurred, information on the number of mass infectious, parasitic diseases and poisoning of people, on the number of population losses was formalized in the form of a table and correlated with each other [2, 3].

Results: in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2020 60 emergencies of biological and social character were registered, as a result of which 164 people were affected. On the territory of the CFD 12 cases were registered, which were distributed by regions: Kaluga region - 4 cases, Tver region - 3 cases, Smolensk region - 2 cases, Kursk region - 1 case, Kostroma region - 1 case, Voronezh region - 1 case), which is 20% of the total number across the RF. This indicator is lower than in the Far Eastern Federal District (45%), but higher than in the other Federal Districts.

In the CFD 177 unfavorable areas were identified: 148 areas affected by infectious diseases, 28 areas affected by other poisonings, 1 area with identified food toxoinfection.

The total number of sick people in CFD amounted to 392378, of which 392204 cases - infectious diseases, 1 case - food toxic infection, 174 cases - other poisonings, no cases of parasitic diseases were detected.

The number of people who died as a result of biological and social emergencies in the CFD amounted to 1686, of which 1605 died of infectious diseases and 81 died of other poisonings. No fatalities were registered as a result of parasitic diseases and food toxicoinfections.

In 2020, no cases of cholera, diphtheria, rubella, epidemic mumps, Haemophilus influenzae, tetanus, anthrax, rabies, legionellosis, acute flaccid paralysis, tularemia, brucellosis, leptospirosis, ornithosis (psittacosis) were registered.

Measles (5 cases), generalized form of meningococcal infection (5 cases), pseudotuberculosis (5 cases), rickettsioses (5 cases), cytomegalovirus infection (7 cases) were registered as isolated cases.

In 2021, 88 emergencies of biological and social nature occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation, while the number of people affected was 146. Compared to 2020, the number of biological and social emergencies increased by 43.33% (60 in 2020), the number of victims decreased by 10.98% (164 people in 2020). There were no fatalities in biological and social emergencies. Speaking about the CFD, the number of such emergencies amounted to 38, which is approximately 43.2% of the total number in the Russian Federation. They were distributed as follows: the most affected region was Kostroma Oblast (7 cases), followed by Vladimir Oblast (6 cases) and Kaluga Oblast (5 cases). In the other regions there were minimal or no cases of biological and social emergencies. It should also be noted that the CFD is the absolute leader in biological and social emergencies in 2021 among other districts.

Comparing the indicators of 2020 and 2021, it can be concluded that the indicators have deteriorated. Thus, the number of biological and social emergencies due to infectious diseases of people amounted to 2 cases, in which the total number of victims was 47 people, which is 100% more than in 2020. Also considering infectious diseases of farm animals, it should be said that the number of emergencies increased from 58 to 81 cases (by 39.66%), but the number of victims on the contrary decreased from 164 to 99 (by 39.63%).

Due to the introduction of a full range of anti-epidemic and preventive measures on the territory of the Russian Federation in 2021, the morbidity rate continued to decrease for most nosological forms, except for acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified localization, acute intestinal infections, enterovirus infections, brucellosis, West Nile fever, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, Q fever.

In connection with the gradual lifting of restrictions on air travel introduced in 2020, an increase in imported cases of malaria was noted in 2021. In the past period of 2021, 96 cases of malaria detected for the first time were registered (2020 - 58 cases). The importation of dengue fever continues to decrease. Thus in 2021, only 9 cases of dengue fever were registered (in 2020 - 122 cases).

In 2022, the number of biohazard emergencies on the territory of the CFD amounted to 16% of the total number. This indicator is higher than in the Southern region (13.8%), but less than in the Siberian (19.0%) and Volga (18.5%) regions. The number of group infectious diseases is 26, which is 10 more compared to 2021. It is important to note that parasitic diseases and food toxic infections did not occur in 2022. The number of unfavorable districts for infectious diseases is 31, which is 11 more compared to 2021. 459 people fell ill with infectious diseases, which is also a higher figure compared to 2021, and 7 people died. In the structure of infectious diseases, 3.6% are HIV with tuberculosis. The incidence rate of hospital-acquired pneumonia is 407.29 per 100,000 population. The number of brucellosis cases is 467, and Cu fever 156 cases (including Voronezh and Moscow regions). There is a decrease in the incidence of acute intestinal infections. The rate of acute respiratory viral infections exceeds the average annual rate by 38.5% and amounts to 29059.21 per 100 thousand.

Conclusion: biological and social emergencies are one of the most formidable factors affecting the population, its ability to work, the existence of farm animals, plants [4, 5]. The increase of such emergencies can lead to a wide spread of infectious diseases and great losses not only of people, but also of flora and fauna. Analyzing the data of 2020, 2021 and 2022, we can conclude the dependence of COVID-19 on the number of casualties in emergencies of biological and social character, including COVID-19. We can also say about the dependence of the number of victims of endemic infectious diseases on the territory, but it should be said that there is no direct relationship between the population size of the region or district and the prevalence of emergencies. The most frequent biohazards in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation are intra- and extra-hospital pneumonia, acute upper respiratory tract infections, acute intestinal infections, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Thus, the determining factors affecting the number of biological and social emergencies, as well as the "quality" of its manifestation (the number of sick, dead), are: the prevalence of COVID-19, the presence of restrictive measures, the level of development of the RCHS forces, as well as medical services, the intensity of anti-epidemic and preventive measures.