Analysis of anomalies in the dental system

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Introduction. Currently, anomalies that occur during the eruption of permanent teeth are a common problem of the population, which lead to physiological disorders of chewing functions and aesthetic defects. The most common of these are primary adentia, retention, dystopia and overcomplicated teeth. The etiology of these disorders may be transferred diseases, untimely removal of baby teeth, too deep location of dental rudiments, malocclusion, genetic predisposition [1].
The aim of the work was to determine the prevalence of anomalies associated with teething disorders, to identify the dependence of the appearance of these pathologies on gender and age.
Materials and methods of research. The analysis of 5 studies of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of children and adolescents under 18 years of age in the polyclinic of the city of Voronezh was carried out. We conducted a survey using a questionnaire method, the purpose of which was to identify the presence of anomalies in the development of the dental system in the population. The questionnaire consisted of 8 questions. Of the 36 respondents, 16 were male and 20 were female. The participants were people of different ages from 5 to 42 years old.
The results of the study.
According to the survey, the incorrect position of the tooth in the jaw is found in 14 respondents (39%), retinated teeth were detected in 4 respondents (11%), an overcomplet is present in 2 respondents (6%), malocclusion was noticed in 7 respondents (19%), the absence of abnormalities in 9 respondents (25%). Several people who passed the survey had two or more pathologies at once (see Fig. 1).

When analyzing the results of 5 CT scans, dystopia was found in 3 people, adentia and retention in 1 (see Fig. 2).

According to the data of Juraeva S.F. et al. The most common dental abnormality is overcomplicated teeth and accounts for about 4% of all cases. Such an anomaly is most often found in the frontal part of the upper jaw in the area of the central incisors, teeth can be either erupted or retinated [2]. Ermukhanova G.T. et al. He cites data that the most common pathology is an anomaly in the ratio of dentition and is about 33.7%, among which distal occlusion prevails in 31.8% of cases, anomalies in the position of teeth in 14.3%, developmental and teething disorders in 1.9%, anomalies in the size of the jaws - 1.4%. Also, in the structure of anomalies in the ratio of dentition, an excessively deep vertical bite accounts for a high proportion in 13.5% of cases, anomalies in the position of teeth - 27.9%, of which crowding is 17.9%, displacement - 1.8%, rotation - 1.7%, violation of interdental spaces, diastema - 6.5% [3]. American scientists have found that uncut and retinated canines of the upper jaw are the most common pathology [4].
According to the analysis of the literature and the results of cone-beam computed tomography, it was found that anomalies in the development of the maxillary system are quite common. In most cases, they are found already in childhood (see Fig. 3), do not depend on gender and are most often a hereditary factor [2].

Hereditary anomalies are manifested in imperfect amelogenesis (changing the color of the crown to yellow, changing the shape of the teeth to conical or cylindrical, heterogeneous surface), dentinogenesis (shortening of the roots, rapid erasure of crowns), odontogenesis (chipping of enamel, violation of dentin hardness, discoloration of teeth to gray). In these cases, both the function of these organs and the appearance of the teeth themselves are impaired [5].
Pathologies that develop during the development and growth of a child should be classified as non-hereditary. Such anomalies are: incorrect bite, as a result of long sucking of a nipple or finger. Also, a non-hereditary anomaly can be obtained due to injury to the embryo of a permanent tooth at an early age or during the change of milk teeth to molars. In such cases, enamel hypoplasia may occur (in teeth whose enamel began to form after injury), crown shape abnormalities, dilaceration (when the frontal temporary teeth are displaced or hammered in, developing permanent teeth twist or bend) [6].
Conclusion. As a result of the survey and analysis of CBCT studies, the most common anomaly is dystopia (incorrect location of a tooth or group of teeth in the dentition) and accounts for approximately 41% of all studied anomalies. Also, quite common anomalies that are associated with a violation of the development of the maxillary system are primary adentia (absence of the rudiment of a tooth or a group of teeth), retention (retention of a tooth in the jaw or alveolar process), overcomplicated teeth. The development of these anomalies is in no way related to gender, it is detected more often at the age of 10 to 14 years, since during this period the eruption of permanent teeth and the formation of dentition ends. It was also revealed that these pathologies can be both hereditary in nature and be the result of past illnesses or injuries.

About the authors

Valeria Vorobyeva

Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University

Email: vorobyeva_valeriya@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-7259-3952

Student at Voronezh State Medical University. N.N.Burdenko

Russian Federation, 394000, Russia, Voronezh, st. Student 10

Karina Borisovna Chernikova

Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: tchernikowa.kar@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-1659-2303

Student of Voronezh State Medical University. N.N.Burdenko

Russian Federation, 394000, Russia, Voronezh, st. Student 10

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