A possible model of leadership competencies in health care - a contemporary view of medical school students

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Introduction: The relevance of analyzing the qualities, and possibly the competencies, of a leader is determined mainly by the fact that leaders embody the functional potential of integrating a team to achieve their goals. Human resource management is one of the most important sections of management activities in any organization, which cannot do without an accurate and objective assessment of the performance of employees[1]. The problem of leadership has always been quite acute, since the well-being of entire countries, as well as individual families and citizens depends on leaders. Leadership and leadership are considered in social psychology as group processes related to social power in a group. Successful people who have achieved significant professional success have a high level of emotional intelligence[2]. The leader and the manager have a leading influence on the productivity processes in groups[3]. The issue of leadership in management is systemic in nature. In medical organizations, in the context of constantly changing legislation, the head must possess certain qualities that will increase the stability of the medical organization in the external environment. Russian President Vladimir Putin, at the second meeting of the Supervisory Board of the ANO "Russia is a country of opportunities in 2021, supported the initiative to conduct training for managers in healthcare.. Leaders are crucial to ensure the motivation of doctors and stakeholders in the process of improving models of medical care[4]. Modern ambitions predetermine concern for the competencies of the leader of a medical organization, since turbulent processes and constantly changing legislation require certain characteristics to be presented to the head. In this regard, it is necessary to clearly define the necessary competencies of the head, taking into account his emotional intelligence. At the head you can put the qualities of a leader that will help you achieve goals in certain time intervals, that is, achieve results. Modern society aims to be able to interact with its leaders and achieve success. In modern conditions, leadership research remains relevant[5].In this paper, we did not consider the historical facts and the role of leaders in medicine on the example of outstanding doctors, the processes of their formation in medicine as specialists, as well as the characteristics of the characters of outstanding doctors. We tried to systematize the view of medical university students on the qualities that, from their point of view, a leader should possess. We can assume the qualities that a modern leader needs.The use of communication technologies is one of the necessary skills of a modern leader. Communication skills include non-verbal and verbal ways of communicating, active listening, public speaking, presenting and receiving feedback. Leadership qualities also include the ability to solve problems that arise on the way to set goals. To reproduce this skill, it is necessary to possess the following competencies: analysis, critical thinking, creativity, flexibility. Applying delegation of authority requires strategic thinking, knowledge of written and oral communications. Being a modern leader means owning time management. There are certain techniques through which we can develop skills in this type of management. These techniques include fixed-time methods, kanban, the principle of the nine rules, and many others/ In the course of our work, a questionnaire was developed in which, based on interviewing senior students of N.N. VSMU Burdenko of the medical (80%) and pediatric (16%) faculties and residents (4%) selected the qualities and competencies that were most often found in the responses.Results and discussion. If you look at the opinion among the faculties, the students of the Faculty of Medicine to a greater extent highlight such qualities as charisma, the ability to find an approach to any person, while the pediatric faculty highlights 3 the main qualities: charisma, high professionalism and emotional intelligence.If we analyze the results of students according to their course of study, we see that residents believe that the manager and leader in health care should equally possess all qualities, 6th year students believe that the main qualities are charisma, the ability to find an approach to any person and emotional intelligence. 5th year students emphasize 3 main qualities: charisma, high professionalism and emotional intelligence, and 4th year students emphasize charisma, ability to find an approach to any person. Management in any organizational system often depends on the individual management style of the manager [3]. Authoritarian style is a rigid centralization of power. The manager relies only on his knowledge, experience, intuition, established connections, etc. In the current conditions, this style in health care is quite rare, as it has no special effect in this industry, but 16% of students consider this style of leadership effective. Unlike the authoritarian manager, the liberal manager often does not have strong willpower, does not have a clearly defined goal and does not have deep professional knowledge. This leadership style is considered unstable. In such a situation, power tends to be exercised by informal leaders. The trainees do not consider this leadership style acceptable in the health system.Majority of the trainees, 88%, adhere to democratic leadership style but only 72% recognize that this leadership style would be effective for a leader and manager in the health system. The effectiveness of bureaucratic leadership style was shared by 16% of the students. A leader using bureaucratic leadership style is usually an insecure person. Like an authoritarian leader, a bureaucrat does not attach importance to the development of relations with the staff. The characteristics of such a leader are lack of flexibility in leadership and strict adherence to rules. In the health care system, none of the above styles are found in pure form, 72% of trainees believe that a leader should not be limited to one leadership style, while 28% believe that one style should be followed for effective leadership. The leadership style should change when performing even a single task if the situation has changed in the process. One of the skills that an effective manager should possess is the ability to adapt his leadership style to a particular situation.More and more modern managers are adopting a democratic management style.Conclusions:
1. Most students believe that the main qualities of a global leader are charisma, the ability to find an approach to any person; emotional intelligence and the ability to influence people.
2. Students share a democratic leadership style, but only 72% recognize its effectiveness in the healthcare system.
3. In the health care system, none of the traditional higher styles is found in its pure form; 72% of students believe that a leader should not be limited to one leadership style.

About the authors

Angelina Sergeevna Proshina

Email: linochka.proshina.01@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-5639-2263
ResearcherId: КВВ-8421-2024

5th year student, Faculty of Medicine

Maria Sergeevna Trofimova

Email: maria2002trof@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-5667-9614
ResearcherId: KBB-8361-2024

5th year student of the Faculty of Medicine

Vera Grigorievna Shvedova

Author for correspondence.
Email: vera.vera.shvedova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6742-5543
SPIN-code: 1999-9630

Assistant of the Department of Management in Healthcare

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