PROBLEMS OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE OF THE POPULATION
- Authors: Chechekina D.1
-
Affiliations:
- FGBOU VO OSU named after I.S.TURGENEV
- Issue: Vol 11 (2022): Materials of the XVIII International Burdenkov Scientific Conference on April 14-16, 2022
- Pages: 509-511
- Section: Управление в здравоохранении
- URL: https://new.vestnik-surgery.com/index.php/2415-7805/article/view/7116
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Abstract
The social conditionality of the health quality of modern society actualizes the scientific and practical significance of the issues of preventive medicine focused on the prevention and minimization of adverse effects on the physical and social health of the population of multiple environmental risks. At the same time, practical healthcare is not free from difficulties that prevent the implementation of preventive tasks in full. These include the discrepancy between the volume of theoretical developments and the degree of their practical application. Another problem is that preventive medicine in Russia is still among the most underestimated types of medical care. As a result, the preservation of health as a norm and the daily culture of life is not perceived by a significant part of Russians as a priority value.
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The organization of preventive work among the population includes, first of all, vaccination (i.e. specific immunization), as well as a system of measures aimed at early detection of the disease and dispensary monitoring of patients. Thanks to the widespread introduction of vaccination, smallpox has been completely eliminated in the world, the number of cases of tetanus, whooping cough, and measles has decreased tenfold.
What is vaccination? This is the creation of protection in the human body from the causative agent of infection. This method has been known for several hundred years. The first doctor who vaccinated people with cowpox to protect against smallpox was Edward Jenner, who is considered the founder of the scientific approach to the use of vaccines. He created the first smallpox vaccination center in London. After 100 years, Louis Pasteur immunized a person against rabies. This was the first successful vaccination against this pathogen. Unfortunately, there are currently no vaccines for all pathogens of infections, but these methods of protection have been created and successfully applied to many of them - vaccines against tuberculosis, hepatitis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, polio, rubella, chickenpox, mumps, measles, etc.
In the process of vaccination, a specific immunity to infection is created by simulating an infectious process. Various types of vaccines are used for this purpose. In addition, immunity is acquired after the transfer of an infectious disease. Both after vaccination and after illness, immunity can be lifelong, persistent or persist for a certain time. Currently, vaccination against the new coronavirus infection Covid-19 is also being carried out. We have witnessed the most massive vaccination in the history of mankind. Due to the emergency situation with the coronavirus pandemic, the world was forced to go for emergency vaccination with drugs that have not yet been properly tested. The case when the lesser of two evils had to be chosen.
Today in Russia, only domestic drugs are used to prevent coronavirus disease and its complications. These are the following types of vaccines:
* Vector. Genetically engineered vaccines, where a virus safe for humans acts as a vector. A gene of one of the coronavirus proteins (usually S-protein) is inserted into it, against which antibodies and cellular immunity are produced. The Russian vector vaccines include Sputnik V and Sputnik Lite. Usually, it takes from 5 to 15 years or more to find a vaccine for a specific pathogen (virus or bacterium). However, a new generation of vaccines can be created much faster. For example, if scientists take an already tried and studied vector basis for a vaccine, as was the case with the developers of Sputnik V. In this case, it takes only about two weeks to embed into it the gene of one of the proteins of the pathogen of the infection, to which immunity will then be developed.
The most long-term clinical trials in which the immunogenicity, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine are studied in several stages. In the first phase of research, the drug is administered to 10-30 volunteers; in the second – 50-500; in the third phase, more than 1,000 people of different ages take part. It takes from six months to several years to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the studied drug, since it is necessary to find out both the short-term and long-term effects of the vaccine. In particular, how long it protects a person from the pathogen, whether there are side effects. Already after registration and the beginning of the use of the drug, the IV phase of research begins. The developer undertakes to collect new information about the effects of the drug (for example, rare side effects) after entering the market. This applies not only to vaccines, but also to all drugs.
Peptides. In this case, ready-made purified coronavirus proteins are used. The Russian "EpiVacCorona" is a chemically synthesized peptide components of the coronavirus S-protein.
Tselnovirionnye. Vaccines with weakened or inactivated (killed) viral particles. CoviVac belongs to whole-virion vaccines.
Vaccines differ in their compositions. "Gam-COVID-Vac" includes recombinant adenovirus particles containing the SARS-CoV-2 S-virus protein gene. The EpiVacCorona vaccine is a synthetic vaccine. It contains synthetic coronavirus antigens of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd types. Reacting to them, the body begins to produce its own antibodies.
The principle of action of vaccines is the same. They contribute to the development of
a person is immune to COVID-19. The vaccine begins to stimulate various immune response chains in humans, affecting T-lymphocytes
and B-lymphocytes, as well as cytokines. These are the three main components that are responsible for the formation of immunity. B-lymphocytes, in turn, stimulate the formation of immunoglobulin against coronavirus infection in humans and produce it for about a month. When encountering a virus, antibodies suppress it, and a person does not get sick or carries the disease in a mild form.
Persons from risk groups are subject to vaccination as a priority:
* persons over 60 years of age;
* social workers and others who work with a large
number of people;
* people with chronic diseases.
What are the contraindications to vaccination?
* hypersensitivity to any component of a vaccine
or medicine containing similar components;
* a history of severe allergic reactions;
* acute infectious and non-communicable diseases (vaccination should be postponed until recovery or, if the disease
is chronic, until remission);
* pregnancy and breastfeeding;
* persons who are under the age of 18.
In general, Sputnik V is suitable for adults and the elderly without chronic diseases, as it causes a good immune response and does not have a large number of side effects. "EpiVacCorona" causes a weaker immune response, but it can be injected even to people with chronic diseases. The Kovivak vaccine will provide the highest level of immunity, but it also has the highest probability of side effects. The body reacts to vaccination against coronavirus in the same way as to other vaccinations. It is possible that after vaccination, the temperature will rise, headaches will occur, the patient will experience discomfort at the injection site. This reaction of the body is absolutely natural, and it will not last more than a couple of days. No one has any doubts that coronavirus infection is very dangerous not only for the sick person, but also for his environment.
Conclusions. Summing up the above, we can conclude that the only way to achieve stable collective immunity for COVID-19 is mass vaccination of the population. Due to the fact that people are not confident in the effectiveness and safety of this immunoprophylaxis, the rate of increase in the incidence of COVID-19 is steadily increasing. In accordance with this, the bed fund for patients with a new coronavirus infection is decreasing and mortality is increasing. Let's hope that in the near future the rate of vaccination will increase and humanity will be more responsible for their health and the health of others!
About the authors
Diana Chechekina
FGBOU VO OSU named after I.S.TURGENEV
Author for correspondence.
Email: Chechekina008@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0046-1328
student
Russian Federation, Orel.Octyabrskay 25References
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