CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY INDICATORS IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

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Key words: viral infections, humoral immunity, complement, red blood cells.
The relevance of the problem. To date, there is already solidly proven knowledge about the structure and functions of the immune system. It is well known that the immune system is the only collective organ in the human body, consisting of central (bone marrow and thymus gland, or thymus) and peripheral organs (spleen, lymph nodes, all the lymphoid tissue of the mucous membrane and lymphocytes) [1, 2]. In the protection of the body from pathogens, two systems of immunological protection take part – the reactions of innate (natural) and acquired (adaptive) immunity. The modern concept of anti-infective immunity, formulated by the American researcher Charles Genway, is that the division of the immunological response into innate and acquired is based on two types of receptors for recognizing "one's own" and "someone else's", which are possessed by phagocytes and lymphocytes, and in accordance with this — two types of recognition of pathogens [3, 4]. These receptors perform the same task of recognizing foreign (pathogenic) material, but they are arranged differently and interact with different molecular structures of pathogens, which are patterns or antigenic epitopes [5]. In contrast to the highly specific recognition of antigenic epitopes performed by lymphocytes using

T-and B-cell receptors, phagocytes recognize highly conserved molecular patterns characteristic of large groups of microorganisms. Immunoglobulins are present in the blood in two main states: one part of the molecules is dissolved in the blood plasma, the other part is sorbed on the surface of the blood cells. There is a dynamic equilibrium between them [6, 7].
The purpose of the study. To study the indicators of humoral immunity in specific viral infections
Materials and methods of research. Groups of patients with herpes simplex (PG), chickenpox (VO), herpes zoster (OG) and infectious mononucleosis (MI) who were on inpatient treatment were examined. Diagnosis of PG, HE, OG, and MI was carried out on the basis of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data. The secretion of lymphocytes from peripheral blood was performed in the gradient density fillarray. Using a combined rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and zymosan conjugated complement, B-lymphocytes were tested. The results of the determination of B-lymphocytes were expressed by the relative values in % of the number of circulating lymphocytes and the absolute content in 1 liter of blood.
Results and discussions. The results of the determination of the content of immunoglobulins dissolved in plasma in patients with high potential for chronization (HPV) and acute viral hepatitis B (OVD) are presented below. As follows from the results, the content of immunoglobulin A (IGA) in patients with OVD significantly exceeded the content of immunoglobulins of this class of healthy patients.
The content of IgA in the peripheral blood of patients with MFS (M+r), p <0.005

PG-325.1 OG-315.5 VO-301.9 IM293, 2
CHB-263,5 OF OVHV-287,8
HEALTHY-174.2

The content of IdM in peripheral blood in patients with HPV (M+r), p <0.005

PG-124.8 OG-168.8 VO-232.3 IM-224.8
CHB-OF 175.9 OF OVHV-252,9
HEALTHY-of 155.6

Immunoglobulins M in patients with PG were found in significantly lower amounts, and in patients with chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) – in significantly higher amounts compared to healthy patients.

IgG content in peripheral blood in patients with HPV (M+r), p <0.005

PG-1391,1 OG-1761,6 VO-1293,7 IM-1651,6
HGV-1373.2 HGV-1383.1
HEALTHY-1135.3

In patients with OG, the amount of immunoglobulins M in the blood did not differ from this indicator in healthy patients.

The content of complement in peripheral blood in patients with HPV (M+r), p <0.005

PG-89 OG-89,4 VO-93,3 IM-93,7
HGV-86.2 HGV-70.7
HEALTHY-63.4

The results of studies show that the immune system of patients with HPV, as well as OVD, responds with increased synthesis and release of immunoglobulins into the bloodstream. The exception is patients in whom there is no significant difference in the content of immunoglobulins and in comparison with healthy people.
We found that in patients with HPV in the peripheral blood, a significant increase in the quantitative content of complement was detected. It is known that in most cases of viral infections, the amount of complement and immunoglobulins correlates with the content of immune complexes. The probability of an increased content of immune complexes in patients with HPV is also indicated by an increased content of immunoglobulins of all classes.
Conclusions.
The reaction of the humoral immune system in patients with HPV is polyclonal activation by the formation and exit of B cells from the hematopoietic organs into the bloodstream. Due to the increased number of the latter, on the one hand, and the increased functional activity of B cells, on the other hand, the dynamic balance between the sorbed and dissolved plasma immunoglobulins will be mixed in the direction of increased detection of free immunoglobulin molecules of all classes. This is the body's response to an activated viral infection.
Both the absolute and relative complement content in patients with OVD significantly exceeded this indicator in the peripheral blood of healthy patients. In patients with HPV, this excess was more pronounced. An increase in the content of complement in the studied groups of patients indicates the activation of complement and probably "incomplete" implementation in the process of inflammation.

About the authors

Diana Chechekina

Author for correspondence.
Email: Chechekina008@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0046-1328
Russian Federation

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