Combined Lung Injury in a Patient with SLE: A Clinical Case
- Authors: Khatuntseva A.P.1, Eskina A.S.1
-
Affiliations:
- Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
- Issue: Vol 15 (2026): Материалы XXII Международного Бурденковского научного Конгресса, 23–25 апреля 2026 года, г. Воронеж
- Pages: 166-167
- Section: Иммуновоспалительные заболевания
- URL: https://new.vestnik-surgery.com/index.php/2415-7805/article/view/11165
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by hyperproduction of organ-nonspecific autoantibodies to various components of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, leading to immunoinflammatory damage of internal organs [1]. Interstitial lung diseases with known etiology are often associated with rheumatic diseases and, according to literature data, in SLE they are considered rare pulmonary manifestations (8-10% of all SLE cases) [2]. Differential diagnosis of pulmonary injuries in SLE with infectious processes, especially against the background of iatrogenic immunosuppression, presents significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment strategy selection. To suppress disease activity, basic anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, and genetically engineered biological drugs are used. One of the basic drugs is methotrexate. Despite its proven efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, including SLE, it has a negative impact on pulmonary tissue and interstitium. Patients with rheumatic pathology are at higher risk of developing COVID-19 compared to the general population. Objective: to study the features of the course of combined pulmonary damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent infections (including COVID-19), as well as long-term methotrexate therapy. Material and Methods: the study was based on medical records of patient M. treated in the rheumatology department of OKB No. 1 in Voronezh from 2019 to 2025. Results: the obtained data revealed the combined effect of provoking factors on pulmonary tissue and interstitium. Conclusion: this clinical case clearly demonstrates the severity of combined pulmonary damage, which requires a more modern therapeutic approach.
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Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by hyperproduction of organ-nonspecific autoantibodies to various components of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, leading to the development of immune-inflammatory damage to internal organs [1].
According to research data, clinical and radiological signs of pulmonary involvement (PI) are observed in every fourth patient. At the same time, clinically significant PI develops only in 3–8% of patients [2].
Currently, the following groups of drugs are used in SLE therapy:
basic anti-inflammatory drugs;
glucocorticosteroids;
genetically engineered biologic drugs.
Methotrexate is one of the drugs used to suppress disease activity. However, despite its proven effectiveness, this drug has several undesirable adverse reactions, the risk of which increases with incorrect administration.
One of these side effects is methotrexate-induced interstitial lung disease. This condition leads in terms of side effect detection frequency and is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations — from asymptomatic forms to widespread interstitial fibrosis with a high risk of developing life-threatening conditions, including:
acute lung injury;
non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema;
organizing pneumonia;
pleuropericarditis.
Studies have shown that methotrexate stimulates fibrosis processes accompanied by:
expression of immunoreactive protein a-SMA;
collagen formation in interalveolar septa;
impaired regeneration of epithelial cells;
fibroblast proliferation [3].
According to research, the relative risk of developing COVID-19 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases is 52% higher compared to the general population [4]. Considering the low specificity of radiological findings, all of the above presents a complex challenge for practical medicine in terms of diagnosis.
Objective of the study: to study the features of combined pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent infections (including COVID-19), as well as long-term methotrexate use.
Materials and Methods of Research
The research material was based on medical records of patient M., who was treated in the rheumatology department of OKB No. 1 in Voronezh from 2019 to 2025.
Results
Patient M., 54 years old. Since 1998, she has had Raynaud’s syndrome. In 2016, after prolonged sun exposure, the following symptoms appeared:
oral mucosal ulcers
arthralgias
In autumn 2017, at VGKB No. 20, the following diagnosis was established: OVERLAP syndrome:
Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, late stage, R-stage III (non-erosive)
Combined with SLE
Chronic course
Vascular involvement (Raynaud’s syndrome)
Muscle involvement (myalgias)
Immunological abnormalities (ANA+, Ro-52+, PM-Scl+)
NF II
The following treatment was prescribed:
Methotrexate 15 mg/week
Folic acid 5 mg
Methylprednisolone 8 mg
The treatment showed positive dynamics. The patient took the medications for a long time at the specified dosages without dose adjustments. It is also known from the anamnesis that methotrexate intake was not discontinued during infectious diseases.
During hospitalization in 2019 at OKB No. 1 in Voronezh:
CT examination was performed
Interstitial lung changes were detected
However, basic therapy was not adjusted
In 2021, the patient had COVID-19 with:
90% lung involvement
CT-4
Post-disease dyspnea developed
In 2022, after hospitalization at the rheumatology department of OKB No. 1 in Voronezh, the diagnosis was revised: Systemic lupus erythematosus:
Moderate activity
Chronic course
Skin involvement (photosensitivity, photodermatosis)
Mucous membrane involvement (stomatitis in anamnesis)
Vascular involvement (Raynaud’s syndrome, livedo reticularis)
Joint involvement (polyarthralgias)
Muscle involvement (myalgias)
Lung involvement (interstitial process)
Immune abnormalities (RF+, SM+, RNP+)
Additional diagnoses:
Bilateral gonarthrosis (right side - stage 2, left side - stage 2-3)
Right intercondylar tendinosis
Mycophenolate mofetil was prescribed but the recommendation was not followed; methotrexate and methylprednisolone continued at previous doses.
In February 2025, the patient had COVID-19 again and was hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of VGKBSSMP No. 8. Discharge diagnosis: COVID-19, laboratory-confirmed.
Due to:
Inadequate therapy effectiveness
Symptom progression
Worsening dyspnea and cough after discharge
The patient was hospitalized in March 2025 at the rheumatology department of OKB No. 1 in Voronezh.
Additional examination revealed:
Interstitial lung disease
CT findings possibly corresponding to lupus pneumonitis combined with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Bilateral thickening of the visceral pleura
CT signs of pulmonary hypertension
Due to progressive interstitial lung changes:
Methotrexate was discontinued
The following medications were prescribed:
Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg
Mycophenolate mofetil 1500 mg
Methylprednisolone 20 mg
In May, due to exacerbation of symptoms, the patient was re-hospitalized. Considering:
Insufficient effect of previous therapy
Severe lung fibrosis
The medical commission recommended biological therapy (rituximab). However, therapy initiation was impossible due to acute bacterial infection (E. coli isolated from sputum on April 11, 2025).
Therapy initiation was performed in August 2025:
500 mg IV
500 mg IV after 2 weeks
During rituximab therapy, positive dynamics was observed:
Decrease in dyspnea severity
Reduced need for hormonal medications
Slowed progression of interstitial lung changes
Conclusion
The presented clinical case clearly illustrates the severity of pulmonary involvement requiring the use of genetically engineered drugs. Compliance with medical prescriptions and regular follow-up can minimize the risk of adverse reactions during medication intake.
About the authors
Anastasia Pavlovna Khatuntseva
Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: ohatunceva@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-0925-1335
https://vk.com/hatunceva_n
student
Russian Federation, 10 Studenchskaya Street, 394036, Voronezh, Russian FederationAnastasia Sergeevna Eskina
Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: eskina.nastya@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2847-1547
SPIN-code: 4529-0031
Должность: ассистент
Подразделение: кафедра госпитальной терапии и эндокринологии
Russian Federation, 10 Studenchskaya Street, 394036, Voronezh, Russian FederationReferences
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