Vol 28, No 4 (2025): Опубликован 27.12.2025

Despite endodontic treatment being a sought-after type of dental care, diagnostic errors lead to ineffective treatment and unfavorable outcomes, followed by the removal of the offending tooth. An analysis of specialized domestic and international literature, as well as practical experience in endodontics using modern optical technologies and objective imaging methods, allowed us to develop diagnostic parameters that must be considered when diagnosing a vertical root fracture. Their use reduces the risk of complications and increases the effectiveness of dental rehabilitation in patients with chronic foci of infection. The use of clinical guidelines in the endodontic treatment algorithm allows for the preservation of the tooth as an organ in the short and long term. Objective: To improve the effectiveness of endodontic treatment of chronic foci of infection by improving the diagnostic stage of the root canal revision algorithm using optical imaging methods. Materials: Teeth with an erroneous diagnosis of vertical root fracture, electronic copies of CBCT scans, targeted radiovisnograms of teeth. Methods: clinical, optical, analytical.

The overall level of positive perception of orthodontic treatment is growing worldwide, with women showing more interest in it than men do. Hormonal women changes significantly affect bone metabolism and overall stress levels, which makes them a special group of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the level of osteocalcin in oral and gingival crevicular fluids as a marker of bone remodeling at the stage of planning an orthodontic strategy in women of reproductive age. Methods. The study involved 50 women aged 30-44 years who underwent the determination of ostocalcin in oral and gingival crevicular fluid before orthodontic treatment, 24 hours after the activation of orthodontic forces and 6 months after the start of orthodontic treatment. Results. An increase in osteocalcin levels was detected in both oral and gingival crevicular fluid immediately after the activation of the braces system, which indicates the beginning of an active phase of tooth movement. Already 6 months after the start of treatment, the level of osteocalcin decreases significantly. Conclusions. Determination of osteocalcin in gingival crevicular fluid is a promising method for assessing bone remodeling in the active phase of orthodontic treatment, which can be used to plan a strategy for a personalized approach to orthodontic treatment.

The purpose of the study was to assess the dental status of children with mental retardation (MR) studying at the Bakhchisarai Special Boarding School. 98 pupils (67 boys and 31 girls) were examined, divided into age groups: group I — 7-8 years old (n=25), group II — 11-12 years old (n=39), group III — 14-15 years old (n=34). During the examination, dental preventive indexes and the method of transillumination using the «Estus Light» photoactivator were used.

The prevalence and intensity of caries (DMF index), the level of oral hygiene according to the Green–Vermillion index (OHI-S), the complex periodontal index (CPI), the PMA index, as well as indicators of salivation rate, saliva pH and its buffer capacity were evaluated.

The prevalence of caries was 84.43% in group I, 90.35% in group II, and 95.83% in group III, indicating a high prevalence rate. The intensity of caries (DMF) was 3.73±0.14; 4.26±0.18 and 5.06± 0.20, respectively: in groups I and II — the average level, in group III — high. The average indicator of oral hygiene is 2.17±0.21, which is characterized as an unsatisfactory level. The CPI value (2.17±0.21) indicated an average severity of periodontal diseases. The prevalence of gingivitis was 43.53%, which corresponds to the average severity of inflammation. The data obtained indicate the need to develop non-drug preventive measures adapted to the characteristics of children with MR.

The study was conducted to improve the quality of restorations of cervical defects of teeth (Black Class V). The following were used to compare the effectiveness of various methods for restoring cervical defects: composite restoration with a conventional flowable material, restoration with a composite material with polyethylene reinforcing threads, and the Arkona Caterpillar material — "A Method for Restoring Cervical Areas of Teeth» patent №2851945 от 01.12.25г The most optimal method was also determined based on marginal fit and mechanical stability. Thirty teeth were selected for the laboratory stage of the study; the following filling materials were used: flowable composite material Hanofill flow (A2) Bisico, Caterpillar (composite for reinforcement with polyethylene threads), and the E-Bond DC Bisico adhesive system in all samples. The first group (control) included 15 teeth, restored with the classic flowable composite material Hanofill flow(A2) Bisico. The second group included 15 teeth, restored with a composite material with polyethylene threads (Caterpillar), followed by application of the flowable composite material Hanofill flow(A2) Bisico. The clinical portion included the treatment of 62 patients using the described techniques: the control group (28 patients) were treated with the classic technique; the second group (34 patients) were treated using a reinforcing technique.

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in the development of healthcare, and it is a promising tool for achieving future goals. This article examines the role of AI in diagnosing diseases of the oral mucosa (OM), predicting their outcomes, and developing personalized treatment strategies. Special attention is given to how AI can accelerate decision-making, reduce errors, and improve the accuracy and consistency of treatments. Additionally, the article discusses the existing challenges and ethical issues that require systematic approaches and legal regulations. The review also includes an analysis of recent research on using AI for diagnosing various benign and malignant OM diseases, highlighting the potential of this technology to improve dental care. The analysis is supported by literature from Cyberleninka and PubMed.

Biologically active food additives are currently viewed from a global perspective as knowledge of healing properties based on medicinal plant raw materials accumulated by the experience of traditional medicine. Representatives of the genus Vaccinium L. are among such valuable plants containing a rich complex of biologically active compounds (BAS). The leading berry crop in the USA from the genus Vaccinium L. is tall blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), in Russia this species is actively cultivated in the North Caucasus. From the literature data, it is known that highbush blueberry fruits contain phenolic compounds as the leading group of BAS, but there was no information about the quantitative content of tannins and organic acids. Therefore, it was relevant to determine the total content of tannins and free organic acids in highbush blueberry fruits of various cultivars grown in the North Caucasus. From the literature data, it is known that highbush blueberry fruits contain phenolic compounds as the leading group of BAS, but there was no information about the quantitative content of tannins and organic acids. Therefore, it was relevant to determine the total content of tannins and free organic acids in highbush blueberry fruits of various cultivars grown in the North Caucasus Botanical Garden (Duke, Aurora, Spartan, Liberty, Chandler, and Bluecrop). Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute – branch of the Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and LLC Golubika Kavkaza (varieties Eliot, Nelson, Darov). The total content of tannins and free organic acids in highbush blueberry fruits was determined by the titrimetric method. The total content of tannins and free organic acids in highbush blueberry fruits was determined using the titrimetric method. The tannin content in highbush blueberry fruits ranged from 4.92% to 7.43%, while the organic acid content ranged from 4.29% to 8.92%, and the ascorbic acid content ranged from 0.22% to 0.28%, depending on the variety.

Spontaneous synchronous calcium oscillations (SSCO) in neuroglial cultures are a model for studying neurotransmission and the regulatory mechanisms of neuronal hyperexcitation. This hyperexcitation is observed in pathologies associated with disruption of calcium homeostasis (cerebral ischemia, hyperammonemia, epilepsy, etc.) and often causes neuronal death. To counteract this process, approaches to controlling intracellular calcium dynamics through ion channel activity (activators and inhibitors) are proposed.

The aim of the study: To determine the extent to which suppression of the potassium TREK-1 channel by Spadin affects the basal [Ca²⁺]_i level of neurons during SSCO.

Materials and Methods: Intravital fluorescence microscopy of neuroglial cultures.

Results: The vast majority of neurons do not exhibit significant changes in basal [Ca²⁺]_i levels during TREK-1 inhibition during SSCO, with the exception of 4-12% of the entire population, where the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i can be either sharp or gradual. Increased [Ca²⁺]_i spike activity can also occur.

Conclusion. TREK-1 inhibition during SSCO generation allows us to distinguish two neuronal subpopulations based on changes in basal [Ca²⁺]_i levels. The observed calcium dynamics highlight the role of TREK-1 as a background K+ leak channel and its impact on calcium homeostasis. These data add relevance for research on channels with similar functionality (including two-pore potassium channels). When acting together, these channels may have a significantly more impact on MP and [Ca²⁺]_i levels.

Prospects for transferring laboratory data to the clinic. Effective treatment of physiological disorders associated with glutamate toxicity requires regulation of basal MP and [Ca²⁺]_i. The data obtained indicate that targeting TREK-1 allows to do it through fine-tuning (without abrupt changes) for most neurons. Therefore, the next step should be to study activators for TREK-1 and other two-pore channels in vitro and in vivo. The example of Mini-Spadin demonstrates that peptide-mediated regulation is possible for this class of channels.

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the concentration of interleukin-13 and the level of OMР in vascular wall homogenates and in blood serum in patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities with different clinical classes of CVР according to the CEAP international classification. The concentration of interleukin-13 was determined in the vascular wall homogenate and in blood serum by the sandwich ELISA method on a StatFax 2100 analyzer (microplatereader) (Awareness technology Inc. Palm City, FL 34990, USA). The results were expressed in pg/ml. The intensity of oxidative modification of proteins in the homogenates of the vascular wall of veins was assessed using the R.L. Levine method modified by E.E. Dubinina after initiation of oxidative processes by the Fenton reaction. Our study revealed a decrease in the concentration of interleukin-13 in the vascular wall homogenate relative to the comparison group and in the blood serum relative to the control group; an increase in the level of OMР in patients with the clinical class of CVР C2 according to the CEAР classification relative to the comparison group, which may indicate the involvement of the studied indicators in the remodeling of the venous wall of varicose veins.

Knee osteoarthritis is a progressive disease that is accompanied by constant joint pain and functional limitations, which significantly reduces the quality of life for patients and leads to disability. Hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations play an important role in the treatment of this condition, and their effectiveness depends on the biochemical properties of HA, which are determined by the structure of the acid and the manufacturing process. The aim of this study is to analyze the biochemical properties of HA and evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a cross-linked sodium hyaluronate implant in the treatment of patients with gonarthrosis.Twenty patients diagnosed with stage II gonarthrosis have been examined and treated. 2% Flexotron® Cross preparation (FCr), 3 ml bionic crosslink, was administered to the patients intraarticularly. The patients' condition was assessed using generally accepted scales and questionnaires: before the treatment start, and in seven and in forty days after the drug administration. The study found that an implant based on cross-linked sodium hyaluronate does not produce a rapid symptomatic effect, but significantly increases all effects 40 days after administration. The decrease in pain compared to baseline values was 46%, and the dynamics of the WOMAC index was 36%. 40 days later, 93% of patients observed significant improvement. No complications associated with intra-articular administration of the drug have been revealed. The results of the research indicate the long-term efficacy and safety of FCr in the treatment of gonarthrosis.